118	EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
by all educationists. The knowledge obtained about the children
is very simply and effectively depicted on charts. By looking
at the chart in his classroom, the teacher can see at a glance the
type to which each child belongs, and his characteristics. He
quickly discovers the backward ones or the anti-social ones, or
those uninterested in school or general life. He can then proceed
to find the cause of the difficulties. Having discovered the cause,
he is expected to remove it. The onus of a child's progress rests
on the teacher. If a child does not come up to the required
standard, it is the teacher who is blamed. It cuts no ice for the
teacher to say that so and so is lacking in intellectual ability and
therefore is no good at science, or that such and such has no
mathematical sense and therefore is no good at mathematics.
The teacher must find out exactly the cause of the backwardness,
and then must find a way of removing the cause.
The Commissariat of Education for the Ukraine likewise
issued a questionnaire to its schoolchildren, in this case dealing
with the use of their leisure. Much interesting material was
collected. I give the reply of a girl of fourteen, as it should
interest readers. " How do I spend my leisure ? I do not know
if it is worth writing about. All say that a cultured person must
listen to and understand music, but I heard Carmen and neither
understood nor was interested in it. All say that a cultured person
must be interested in art, but I have been to exhibitions and was
not at all interested. That which interests me more than any-
thing is to read great big books. The best recreation for me is to
be freed from obligatory work and to sit down with a book
whose ending I cannot foresee." This case is being followed up
to discover why she does not respond to music and art, whether
the reason is hereditary, environmental, or both. Similarly,
every case in which a child expresses strong likes and dislikes,
or shows any evidence of being above or below the normal, is
being investigated. The information gathered is used to improve
or correct the child's environment, and so help to make him the
Communist citizen towards which they are all striving. I was
interested to learn that all such, information was made use